Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning and Human Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines which are capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, but advancements in Machine Learning and deep learning are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every sector of the technical industry. 

 

IMPORTANT: Algorithms often play a very important part in the structure of artificial intelligence, where simple algorithms are used in simple applications, while more complex ones help frame strong artificial intelligence.

Can machines think? — Alan Turing, 1950

Mathematician Alan Turing changed history a second time with a simple question: "Can machines think?"

Turing Publish a paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in 1950, and it's subsequent Turing Test, established the vision and fundamental goals of Artificial Intelligence.    

According to Russel and Norvig Artificial Intelligence is "the study of agents that receive percepts from the environment and perform actions."

Norvig and Russell explores four different approaches to define the field of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Thinking humanly
2. Thinking rationally
3. Acting humanly 
4. Acting rationally

The Thinking Humanly and Thinking Rationally is concerned about thought processes and reasoning, while Action Humanly and Action Rationally deal with behaviorism.

In Simple Words "Artificial Intelligence is Simulation of Human Intelligence in Machine that are programmed to think like human being and mimic their actions" 

What Is A FIREWALL ?

What Is A Firewall?

A firewall is simply a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet. All data entering or leaving the Intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each packet and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.

Generally, firewalls are configured to protect against unauthenticated interactive logins from the outside world. This helps prevent "hackers" from logging into machines on your network. More sophisticated firewalls block traffic from the outside to the inside, but permit users on the inside to communicate a little more freely with the outside.

Firewalls are also essential since they can provide a single block point where security and audit can be imposed. Firewalls provide an important logging and auditing function; often they provide summaries to the admin about what type/volume of traffic that has been processed through it. This is an important point: providing this block point can serve the same purpose (on your network) as a armed guard can (for physical premises).

Theoretically, there are two types of firewalls:

1. Network layer2. Application layer

They are not as different as you may think, as described below.

Which is which depends on what mechanisms the firewall uses to pass traffic from one security zone to another. The International Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model for networking defines seven layers, where each layer provides services that higher-level layers depend on. The important thing to recognize is that the lower-level the forwarding mechanism, the less examination the firewall can perform.

Network Layer Firewalls

This type generally makes their decisions based on the source address, destination address and ports in individual IP packets. A simple router is the traditional network layer firewall, since it is not able to make particularly complicated decisions about what a packet is actually talking to or where it actually came from.Modern network layer firewalls have become increasingly more sophisticated, and now maintain internal information about the state of connections passing through them at any time.

One thing that's an important difference about many network layer firewalls is that they route traffic directly though them, so to use one you either need to have a validly assigned IP address block or to use a private internet address block. The network layer firewalls tend to be very fast and tend to be mostly transparent to its users.

Application Layer Firewalls

These generally are hosts running proxy servers, which permit no traffic directly between networks, and which perform elaborate logging and examination of traffic passing through them. Since proxy applications are simply software running on the firewall, it is a good place to do lots of logging and access control. Application layer firewalls can be used as network address translators, since traffic goes in one side and out the other, after having passed through an application that effectively masks the origin of the initiating connection.

Having an application in the way in some cases may impact performance and may make the firewall less transparent. Early application layer firewalls are not particularly transparent to end-users and may require some training. However more modern application layer firewalls are often totally transparent. Application layer firewalls tend to provide more detailed audit reports and tend to enforce more conservative security models than network layer firewalls.

The Future of firewalls sits somewhere between both network layer firewalls and application layer firewalls. It is likely that network layer firewalls will become increasingly aware of the information going through them, and application layer firewalls will become more and more transparent. The end result will be kind of a fast packet-screening system that logs and checks data as it passes through.

Shortcut Keys For MS Word !

KEY Ctrl + A	MEANING Select all contents of the page
Ctrl + B	Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + C	Copy selected text
Ctrl + X	Cut selected text
Ctrl + N	Open new/blank document
Ctrl + O	Open options
Ctrl + P	Open the print window
Ctrl + F	Open find box
Ctrl + I	Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + K	Insert link
Ctrl + U	Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + V	Paste
Ctrl + Y	Redo the last action performed
Ctrl + Z	Undo last action
Ctrl + G	Find and replace options
Ctrl + H	Find and replace options
Ctrl + J	Justify paragraph alignment
Ctrl + L	Align selected text or line to the left
Ctrl + Q	Align selected paragraph to the left
Ctrl + E	Align selected text or line to the center
Ctrl + R	Align selected text or line to the right
Ctrl + M	Indent the paragraph
Ctrl + T	Hanging indent
Ctrl + D	Font options
Ctrl + Shift + F	Change the font
Ctrl + Shift + >	Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + ]	Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + Shift + <	Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + [	Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + Shift + *	View or hide non printing characters
Ctrl + <–	Move one word to the left
Ctrl + –>	Move one word to the right
Ctrl +	Move to beginning of the line or paragraph
Ctrl +	Move to the end of the paragraph
Ctrl + Del	Delete word to right of cursor
Ctrl + Backspace	Delete word to left of cursor
Ctrl + End	Move cursor to end of document
Ctrl + Home	Move cursor to beginning of document
Ctrl + Space	Reset highlighted text to default font
Ctrl + 1	Single-space lines
Ctrl + 2	Double-space lines
Ctrl + 5	1.5-line spacing
Ctrl + Alt + 1	Change text to heading 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2	Change text to heading 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3	Change text to heading 3
F1	Open help
Shift + F3	Change case of selected text
Shift + Insert	Paste
Ctrl + J	Repeat last action performed
F4	Spell check selected text and/or document
F7	Align selected paragraph to the left
Shift + F7	Activate the thesaurus
F12	Save as
Ctrl + S	Save
Shift + F12	Save
Alt + Shift + D	Insert the current date
Alt + Shift + T	Insert the current time
Ctrl + W	Close document

MS Word Tips And Tricks:

Word Tips And Tricks:

 

Select one word

Double click the word

Select several words that are no adjacent to each other

Hold the Ctrl key down and double click each word

Select one line of text

Move the mouse to the left margin, the pointer will change to an arrow, then single click

Select one paragraph

Move the mouse to the left margin, the pointer will change to an arrow, then double click

Select one sentence

Hover the mouse pointer over any word in the sentence, hold the Ctrl key down and single click

Select several lines

Select the first line then, holding down the Shift key, press the down arrow on the keyboard until you reach the last line

Select the whole document

Move the mouse to the left margin, the pointer will change to an arrow, then treble clickor
Press and hold the Ctrl key and quickly press and release the A key

The Best Computer Tips and Tricks

The Best Computer Tips and Tricks: Keyboard Shortcuts for Windows Vista and XP and Microsoft Office

Windows Key+E
The best part about shortcut keys is letting your keyboard do half the work. This is a perfect example: This shortcut allows you to open Windows Explorer with one quick keystroke.

Windows Key+M
This is the shortcut to keep in mind when you are at work doing anything but working—it allows you to minimize all of your open windows, leaving just the desktop left exposed. To restore the windows, hit Windows key+Shift+M. Another quick way to do this is Windows key+D, which shows your desktop; to restore, just repeat the same keystroke. This is a handy shortcut to have around the next time your boss is wandering through the office.

Alt+Tab
This allows you to easily scroll through all the windows you have open. If you're working in Word and referring to something in Explorer, for example, you can toggle back and forth between the two programs. You can also use this to switch between windows in the same program, making multitasking a breeze. Very similar is Windows key+Tab: In XP, it lets you scroll the items on the taskbar, and in Vista, it starts Flip 3D for a fun graphical spin on the same idea.

Alt+F4
This shortcut is a quick way to close a window in any program. Alt+Spacebar+C (which requires less stretching, but more keys) and Ctrl+W do the same thing. Any of the ways will allow you to close a window without using your mouse to hit the X in the upper-right corner.

Ctrl+Arrow Keys
In Microsoft Word, the left and right arrows allow you to move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word or the next word; the up and down arrows will do the same with paragraphs. This is very helpful when editing a document or scanning for any reason.

Shift+Delete
If you want to delete a file—and you don't want to deal with it later in the Recycle Bin—this is the way to go. Just be absolutely sure that this is a file you won't want back!
Hold Shift While Inserting a CD
Have you ever wanted to insert a CD and not use it right away? This shortcut allows you to bypass Autorun when inserting a CD so you can control exactly when you will use a CD you've inserted.

Ctrl+Drag
There are many ways to copy a file, but this just might be the easiest. All you have to do is click on the file, hold, and drag it into its desired location. This works the same as another handy shortcut,

Ctrl+C.
Windows Key+U+U
Quickly shut down Windows by hitting the Windows key (don't hold it down), hitting U to reach the shutdown menu, and then hitting U again to shut down.

Windows Key+Pause
Need a quick way to get to the Systems Properties menu without too much thought? Just press these two keys and you'll be brought right to it.

Ctrl+Z, Ctrl+Y
Undo an action by hitting Ctrl+Z; if you change your mind, Ctrl+Y will redo the undo.
Shift + Arrow Keys
Holding shift and pressing one of the arrow keys will highlight text in Word (or a group of Excel cells) without the mouse, selecting in the direction the arrow points.

Ctrl+U, Ctrl+B, Ctrl+I
This one's for Office newbies. It's a snap to underline, bold, and italicize without the mouse if you press Ctrl+U (underlining), Ctrl+B (bolding), or Ctrl+I (italicizing).

How To Remove Your Windows 7 Password.

How To Remove Your Windows 7 Password

1. Click on Start and then Control Panel.
    
2. Click on the User Accounts and Family Safety link.
   
   Note: If you're viewing the Large icons or Small icons view of Control Panel, you won't see this link. Simply click on the User Accounts icon and proceed to Step 4.
    
3. Click on the User Accounts link.
    
4. In the Make changes to your user account area of the User Accounts window, click the Remove your password link.
    
5. In the text box on the next screen, enter your current Windows 7 password.
    
6. Click the Remove Password button to confirm that you'd like to remove your Windows 7 password.
    
7. You can now close the User Accounts window.
    
8. Now that your Windows 7 account password has been deleted, you will no longer need to log on when your computer starts.
   
   Your computer should now boot all the way to the Windows 7 desktop.

How to Enable & Disable Administrator Account in Windows.

1. Enable Built-in Administrator Account :

First you’ll need to open a command prompt in administrator mode by right-clicking and choosing
“Run as administrator” (or use the Ctrl+Shift+Enter shortcut from the search box).



If you are in Windows 8.x you can right-click on the Start button and choose to open a command
prompt that way.



Now type the following command:

net user administrator /active:yes

You should see a message that the command completed successfully. Log out, and you’ll now see the Administrator account as a choice. (Note that the screenshots are from Vista, but this works on
Windows 7 and Windows 8)



You’ll note that there’s no password for this account, so if you want to leave it enabled you should change the password.

2. Disable Built-in Administrator Account :

Make sure you are logged on as your regular user account, and then open an administrator mode command prompt as above. Type the following command:

net user administrator /active:no

The administrator account will now be disabled, and shouldn’t show up on the login screen anymore.